st102 lse. Courses Taught. st102 lse

 
Courses Taughtst102 lse  Exam 2015

Paper: Course number, title (unit value) See note. 88. 0 degrees Celsius ( C), and the standard deviation was. LSE Economics Department EC210 Macroeconomic Principles 2017/2018 Michaelmas Term Kevin Sheedy 32L. Monday 8 – Friday 12 January 2024. MA100 Mathematical Methods (1. ST102 Lecture Notes. £ 35. watch this thread. Topics covered are data. 5 + ST301 + ST302 x0. EC1A3 Microeconomics I (0. Paper 1. 09 – bookings via LSE for You. Answer BOTH questions from Section A, and THREE questions from Section B. Course content. DataFrame. Details of undergraduate class teaching will be published on the Timetables web page in mid-September. This information is for the 2019/20 session. AN280 Public Anthropology. Cookies. ST226 Half Unit Actuarial Investigations: Financial. ac. • LSE - ST309 Elementary Data Analytics, 2023/24, 2022/23, 2021/22, 2020/21 • LSE - ST109 Elementary Statistical Theory I, 2022/23 • LSE - ST107 Quantitative Methods. Ec102 Exam Papers - wp. Coursework (10%) in the LT Week 6. London School of Economics. Random variables. You are here - Welcome to LSE > Calendar > Undergraduate > Course guides > ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory. Ec102 Exam Papers - wp. 35%: An individual logistic regression project to be handed in at the same. EH102 Pre-industrial Economic History (1. A : Before taking FM300 you must have previosuly taken FM213. digital@lse. Elementary Statistical Theory (ST102) Students shared 76 documents in this course. Thanks. I got a First Class Honours (90%) in the summer exam. ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory (1. This course is compulsory on the MSc in Real Estate Economics and Finance. FM213 Principles of. The main ideas and applications of market research techniques. linear models and generalized linear models). London School of Eco-nomics and Political Sci-ence. Moments, moment generating functions and cumulant generating functions. 5x sold. ST102 Distributions Summary 2011. Archive catalogue. ~18 : ST107 can not be taken with ST102, ST108, ST109, ST110 ~19 : ST109 can not be taken with ST102, ST107, ST108LSE ugaa 2019 EC201 moodle/exam paper solutions wanted. This course is intended for third-year undergraduates and builds upon FM212/FM213 Principles of Finance. pdf from ST 102 at London School of Economics. Exam discip-line and academic misconduct. The topic covered will include variables, basic data types, data structures and sequences, control flow structures, modularisation, functions, variable and function scoping, testing and debugging, errors. Ask me anything. pdf from ST 102 at London School of Economics. Students who have not taken these courses should contact Dr Mavrakakis. The course provides a precise and accurate treatment of statistical ideas, methods and techniques. You are here - Welcome to LSE > Calendar > Undergraduate > Programme regulations > 2021 > BSc in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. ©LSE ST 2019/ST102 P age 1 of 10. 1st Year Bsc Mathematics and Economics Undergraduate at LSE with an aspiration to succeed within the corporate finance sector. Specimen Exam ST102/ST109 Elementary Statistical Theory (Part I) Suitable for 2021/22 syllabus only – not for resitLSE100A The LSE Course: How can we transform our climate futures? (0. View ST102 2016. Prueba estafan - ejercicos tipo prba; Rgumentación Jurídicaahor; Lindley Scott Cambridge Statistical Tables; ST102 2018-2019 syllabus; Distributions ST102 2021/22; LT ST102 Lecture Notes; Preview text. GV101 Introduction to Political Science (1. 50 £ 16. Library Search. View our Open Days. In this exercise you will practise further aspects of point estimation. Topics covered are sampling. Elementary Statistical Theory (ST102 MT) Econometrics I (EC1C1) Outside Option Outside Option LSE100 in both MT and LT. Ec102 Exam Papers - redditlater. Calculators are allowed in this examination ©LSE ST 2015/ST102 Page 1 of 10. The title and subject of your programme of study. London. 7. LSE Past paper/exam solutions - The Student RoomEc102 Exam Papers. You must take 1. reply. (ST102). EITHER . Sign in Register; Economics B (EC102) University; The London School of Economics and Political Science; Economics B; Add to My Modules. The course will begin with a review of probability theory, and then covers central limit theory, inference. pdf from ST 102 at London School of Economics. Availability. Calculators are allowed in this examination ©LSE ST 2014/ST102 Page 1 of 10. Studying ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory at The London School of Economics and Political Science? On Studocu you will find 59 practice materials, lecture notes, We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory. IR100 International Relations: Theories, Concepts and Debates (1. Connect Leen Scholiers Sex, Love and Relationship Coach at Sublime Life Coaching. Calculators are allowed in this examination ©LSE ST 2017/ST102 Page 1 of 10. Paper 1 . it On StuDocu you find all the study guides, past exams and lecture notes for this module. Course content. The linear algebra half covers the following topics: Vector spaces and dimension. Houghton Street. The first part of the course covers elementary and important statistical methods including nearest neighbours, linear regression, logistic regression, regularisation, cross-validation, and variable. Coursework (10%) in the LT Week 6. Summer 2016 examination ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory Suitable for 2015/16 syllabus Instructions to Monday 25 September – Friday 8 December 2023. R is a free software environment for statistical. +44 (0)20 7405 7686. ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory MA100 Mathematical Methods R for Statistics 43/45. D : EC221 can be taken with permission from the BSc in Finance Programme Co-Director. on LSE Review of Books’. LSE ST2021/ST102 Page1 of10Summer Term Assessment Period 2021 Assessment paper and instructions to candidates: ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory Suitable for all. FM320 Quantitative Finance (1. 1. 0 unit(s) from the following: MA103 Introduction to Abstract Mathematics (1. Title: Statistical tables: for students of science, engineering, psychology, business, management, finance. 0 units of courses in a specific discipline over the course of their degree, of which at least 1. | Learn more about Krittika R. ST102 2013 exam summer 2013 examination st102 elementary statistical theory suitable for all candidates instructions to candidates time allowed: hours this Skip to document Ask an ExpertDivine: 1) center of consciousness-- thought, will, affections--our attributes. Year 3. ST102 Further Mathematical Methods MA 212 Industrial Economics EC 313. Course content. IRDAP Assessment Period 2021 Assessment paper and instructions to candidates: ST 102 Elementary Statistical TheoryLSE modules. They may not allow you to change and even if they did allow change your grades might still not be good enough. Courses to the value of 1. You are here - Welcome to LSE > Calendar > Undergraduate > Course guides > ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory. Students on this programme have the opportunity to receive a language specialism. Question 1 is a variation of the Monty Hall problem covered in the lecture. Monday 8 – Friday 12 January 2024. Report. Elementary Statistical Theory 100% (3) 32. Summer 2017 examination ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory Suitable for 2015/16 and 2016/17Dr. ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory. Search LSE collections Library Search . Only one of FM300 and FM320 may be chosen for Papers 9, 10 & 11; students wishing to choose both must select the second as Paper 12. The first part of the course, taught by Ian Martin, will cover the principle of no arbitrage, state prices and the stochastic discount factor, utility functions and portfolio choice, and equilibrium pricing and risk-neutral pricing. Guidelines for interpreting programme regulations. Students must have mathematics and statistics to at least the level of Quantitative Methods (MA107 and ST107), while Mathematical Methods (MA100) and Elementary Statistical Theory (ST102) are strongly preferred. However, this does not mean that being a student is particularly risky. January exams. Monday 11 December 2023 - Friday 12 January 2024. The main topics covered are financial risk analysis and financial risk. ST102Elementary Statistical Theory. 5. A limited number of print versions of the School and Academic Regulations have been. g. This course is a more advanced introduction to econometrics; it aims to present the theory and practice of empirical research in economics. An introduction to stochastic processes with emphasis on life history analysis and actuarial applications. A good knowledge of linear algebra, calculus and statistical theory is essential, and therefore MA100 and ST102 or equivalent is required. The objective of this course is to introduce students to basic principles of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. MA103 Introduction to Abstract Mathematics (1. A range of basic mathematical concepts and methods in calculus of one and several variables and in linear algebra are covered and some applications illustrated. For students starting this programme of study in 2021/22. 0) #: Paper 2 . GV245GC Democracy and Democratisation (Spring Semester) GV248 Power and Politics in the Modern World: Comparative Perspectives. Math Formulas Flashcard Maker: Dynamic Motion. Discrete and continuous distributions. This information is for the 2023/24 session. Murdoch and Barnes’ Statistical Tables, 4th edition. I am a proactive and curious Mathematics and Economics student at LSE, with a passion for applying quantitative and analytical skills to solve real-world problems. g. Model choice, fitting and validation. Chat to us. GV101GC Introduction to Political Science (Spring Semester) GV225 Public Choice and Politics. 7. 5) and EC1B5 Macroeconomics I (0. ST102/ST109/ST110 – Elementary Statistical Theory. MA100 Mathematical Methods (1. LSE 2014/ST102 P age 1 of 9. Students must have completed Principles of Econometrics (EC221). Data illustration using statistical package R constitutes an integral part throughout the course, therefore provides the hands-on experience in simulation and data analysis. . Rep:? #1 Report Thread starter 2 years ago #1 Hi there, ICourse content. Hi, I am a second year student at Sciences Po in the Europe-Asia program. GV245 Democracy and Democratisation. MA322 Mathematics of Finance and Valuation (0. Teacher responsible. Elementary Statistical Theory Revision lectures Michaelmas Term material Dr James Abdey. Riemann integral. This information is for the 2015/16 session. LSE offers a uniquely rich array of rigorous social science courses to Economics students Just a few of the great Year 1 options Department of Economics. This course is intended for third-year undergraduates and builds upon FM212/FM213 Principles of Finance. We encourage all students and staff to bookmark the LSE Outlook webmail login page so that you can access your emails easily and quickly whenever you need! This course cannot be taken with ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory, ST107 Quantitative Methods (Statistics) or ST108 Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences. 7. Topics covered are data visualisation and descriptive statistics, probability theory, random variables, common distributions of random variables, multivariate random variables, sampling. In addition to the standard inference methods such as parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, linear models and logistic regression, it also covers Monte Carlo methods, bootstrap, EM-algorithm, permutation tests, regression based on local fittting. Get the App. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Average of chi squared distribution, Variance of Chi squares distribution, t distribution and more. Winter break. Teaching and assessment. Please note that places are limited on some optional courses. ac. 0) # Paper 3 . 0) #. 00 p. View Homework Help - ST102_Solutions_20 from ST 102 at London School of Economics. 5) # Paper 2 . Ask me anything. 09. He holds an ESRC Studentship, awarded with an Advanced Quantitative Methods (AQM) enhanced stipend. Document continues below. The course is a hands-on introduction and development of the analysis of Bayesian spatial and spatio-temporal models with focus on data sets and application. The primary focus of this course is on the core machine learning techniques in the context of high-dimensional or large datasets (i. e. Summer 2019 examination ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory Suitable for all candidates Instructions to LSE LT2021/ST102 Page 1 of 3 January Assessment 2021 Assessment paper and instructions to candidates: ST102 – Elementary Statistical Theory Suitable for all candidates Instructions to candidates This paper contains two questions. The course draws heavily on empirical questions and you will work with statistical software to analyse. 0) # A: Paper 2 . My ST102, MA103, and EC102 teachers don't teach anymore apparently. This information is for the 2022/23 session. Availability. This course is available with permission as an outside option to students on other programmes where regulations permit. LSE Past paper/exam solutions - The Student RoomEc102 Exam Papers Yeah, reviewing a ebook. This course is compulsory on the MSc in Real Estate Economics and Finance. LSE IRDAP 2021/ST102 ST Page 1 of 10 IRDAP Assessment Period 2021 Assessment paper and instructions to candidates: ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory Suitable for all candidates Instructions to candidates This paper contains seven questions. Reading week: Monday 30 October – Friday 3 November 2023. The course provides students with a thorough understanding of market risk from both a practical and technical point of view. ST102 Distributions Summary 2011. Multiple integration. In addition to the standard inference methods such as parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, linear models and logistic regression, it also covers Monte Carlo methods, bootstrap, EM-algorithm, permutation tests, regression based on local fittting. EC333 Problems of Applied Econometrics (1. Go to course. View our Open Days. Booked entity transactions to ensure that the financial statements represented a true and fair view. Year 1. 0) #. 2 - Probability Theory Show Class Math Formulas. Random variables. View Test prep - exam_ST102_2017. This information is for the 2019/20 session. LSE100 The LSE Course : Year 1 . uk/welcome. Paper 1 . Summer 2016 examination ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory Suitable for 2015/16 syllabus Instructions to candidates This paper containsBSc in Mathematics and Economics. Students must have completed Mathematical Methods (MA100) and Elementary Statistical Theory (ST102). LSE 2012/ST102 P age 1 of 12. 4 items. Probability: axiomatic probability, conditional probability, Bayes' Theorem. It is intented for use in. The topics covered are the theory of capital budgeting under certainty in perfect and imperfect capital markets, portfolio theory, equity and bond markets, the capital asset. AN277 Topics in the Anthropology of sub-Saharan Africa. Reading week: Monday 30 October – Friday 3 November 2023. View ST102_LT0_exam_paper_2021_online. Students must have completed Elementary Statistical Theory (ST102) or equivalent, Mathematical Methods (MA100) or equivalent, and at least one of MA212, EC220, EC221, ST206, ST202, or equivalent. e. Students must have completed Elementary Statistical Theory (ST102). ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory (1. London School of Economics and Political Science. pdf from ST 102 at London School of Economics. This course will be delivered through a combination of classes, lectures, and Q&A sessions, totalling a minimum of 29 hours across the Lent Term. Examination arrangements Please double-check the time on your examination timetable on LSE for You for the date, time and place of the examination. Problem 1 The problem ask us to regress the pressure (i. [email protected] from ST 102 at London School of Economics. Topics covered are data visualisation and descriptive statistics, probability theory, random variables, common distributions of random variables, multivariate random variables, sampling. Login to My Library Account. AN281 Health and Welfare: Anthropological Perspectives. 13 years ago. 5. pdf from ST 102 at London School of Economics. 5) LSE100B The LSE Course: How can we control AI? (0. The course covers the probability, distribution theory and statistical inference needed for third year courses in statistics and econometrics. MA100 Mathematical Methods (1. pdf), Text File (. ST102 Highlights 2011. OP. 7. LSE ST2020/ST102 Page 1 of 1 0 Summer Assessment 2020 Assessment paper and instructions to candidates: ST102 – Elementary Statistical Theory Suitable for all candidates Instructions to candidates This paper contains seven questions. ~17 : ST102 can not be taken with ST107, ST108, ST109, ST110 ~18 : ST107 can not be taken with ST102, ST108, ST109, ST110. pdf from ST 102 at London School of Economics. (a) We use the sample mean, X, method of moments estimator (MME),. CS1: ST102, ST202 & ST306 CS2: ST227, ST302, ST306 & ST303 CM1: ST226 & ST302 CM2: ST330 & ST306 CB1: AC102, AC103 & FM213 CB2: EC1A3 & EC1B3. Question 2 requires you to derive point estimates based on sample data. Manipulation of integrals. This course is an introduction to econometrics; it aims to present the theory and practice of empirical research in economics. sign in. 5) ST109 Elementary Statistical Theory I (0. Lse exam paper mark schemes - ma100, ma103, st102, ec102; MA100/ST102 or MA107/ST107 + GY121 Sustainable Development; LSE - MA100 or MA107; Is a Politics and Economics degree quantitative enough to become an actuary; Outside courses first year LSE; How much maths is in FM213? LSE Economics 2nd year courses; LSE Econ 2nd. ST308 Half Unit Bayesian Inference. Summer 2014 examination ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory Suitable for all candidates Instructions to candidates This paper. Yining Chen (Weeks 2 & 10),. Topics covered are data visualisation and descriptive statistics, probability theory, discrete probability distributions, continuous probability. All questions carry equal numbers. 3 Key information Welcome from the Head. + [average of four half units among ST300. View ST102_exam_paper_LT_2019. The following unassessed course is required for all first year students: EH103 Making Economic History Count (0. The course will take a practical approach, explaining the main principles. Yirui Liu is a PhD candidate in the Department of Statistics, London School of Economics. + [average of four half units among ST300. View Yian’s full profile. Document continues below. ST102 Lecture Notes. Recommended for you Document continues below. LSE) > Statistics. LSE is a private company limited by guarantee, registration number 70527. This course will be delivered through a combination of workshops and seminars totalling a minimum of 11 hours across Michaelmas term and 2 hours of workshops in the Summer term. . C : EC202 can be taken with permission from the BSc in Finance Programme Co-Director. 67 LSE Campus Contents Department of Mathematics studenthub. wangyt95 has 2 repositories available. MA100 Mathematical Methods (1. Summer 2017 examination ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory Suitable for all candidates Instructions to Lent 2018 examination ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory – Solutions 2016/17 and 2017/18 syllabus only Instructions to candidates This paper contains two questions. ST102 Full year notes. 0 unit(s) from the following: MA103 Introduction to Abstract Mathematics (1. g. Improper integrals. e. 2) individualistic (I am) relations--perception of self. Answer BOTH questions from Section A, and THREE questions from Section B. The course provides a precise and accurate treatment of introductory probability and distribution theory, statistical ideas,. uk. Monday 25 September – Friday 8 December 2023. ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory MA212 Further Mathematical Methods ST202 Probability, Distribution Theory and Inference FM212 Principles of Finance MA103 Introduction to Abstract Mathematics MG212 Marketing. 2. This information is for the 2015/16 session. I am going to be starting my Accounting and Finance course at LSE this year but I am having a very hard time choosing between MA100/ST102 or MA107/ST107 + GY121 Sustainable Development. Westmeath, N37 TP65 Tel: 090-644 2700 Fax: 090-644 2744 Email us: Click here This web-site conforms to level Double A of the W3C Guidelines 1. Will Pay for them! Lse exam paper mark schemes - ma100, ma103, st102, ec102 FM300 LSE past paper solutions MA100 Past Papers show 10 more I got 4 A* at A level. 0) # Year 2 . EC333 Problems of Applied Econometrics (1. Elementary Statistical Theory (ST102) Students shared 76 documents in this course. Identified Q&As 100+ Solutions available. e. ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory. Course content. For the 2021/2022 academic session. The course provides a precise and accurate treatment of introductory probability theory, statistical ideas, methods and techniques. Course contentFor students starting this programme of study in 2021/22. Anonymous #1. Search and browse Online Reading Lists - where you will find links to readings for your courses. She might act tough but she's actually a softie (but not in the office hour, go prepared or not at all). • Explored existing event-listing sites to identify potential competitors, gaps in provision and underserved market segments. Answer BOTH questions from Section A, and THREE questions from Section B. Course content. A knowledge of probability and statistics to the equivalent level of ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory. 5) LSE100B The LSE Course: How can we control AI? (0. EC1A3 Microeconomics I (75/100), EC1B3 Macroeconomics I (83/100), ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory (95/100) • Led a group of 5 in the research project LSE100 on. This course will present modern theories of financial markets and asset valuation. MA100 Mathematical Methods (1. Undergraduate Outside Options List (Years 2 & 3) Paper 12. Go to course. London School of Economics and Political Science LSE exam 2013 ST102 Introduction to Elementary Statistical TheoryLSE100 The LSE Course: Understanding the causes of things : Year 1 . This course is available on the MSc in Accounting and Finance, MSc in Risk and Finance and MSc in Urban Policy (LSE and Sciences Po). Laplace transforms. Please note that the 180 rule is a. This course cannot be taken with ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory or ST107 Quantitative Methods (Statistics). Department: Economics. C : Courses selected from the Undergraduate Outside Options List must be approved. In MT, the focus of the course is on empirical questions and students will work with the. Monday 15 January – Thursday 28 March 2024 (due to Good Friday on 29 March)Course content. ST102_Exercise_1 - Read online for free. It will cover an introduction to quantitative research design and causal inference, exploratory data analysis and data visualisation, generalised linear models, and generalised latent variable models (including mixed effects or multilevel models, longitudinal data. Three-year classification scheme for BA/BSc degrees for all students from the 2018/19 academic year. The course provides a precise and accurate treatment of statistical ideas, methods and techniques. LSE ugaa 2019 EC201 moodle/exam paper solutions wanted. ST107 Quantitative Methods (Statistics) ST307 Aspects of Market Research. 0. Email: J. pdf from ST 102 at London School of Economics. Availability. ST102 Distributions Summary 2011. Led 5 sub-committee teams to conduct a series of information and networking events for 19 top. The main topics covered are financial risk analysis and financial risk management (first part of the course) and derivatives pricing (second part). Discrete and continuous distributions. 5) ST201 Statistical Models and Data Analysis (0. 3. m. Information for offer holders. Availability. Past paper solutions at uni LSE ugaa 2019 EC201 moodle/exam paper solutions wanted. 0. The course provides a precise and accurate treatment of introductory probability theory, statistical ideas, methods and techniques. In addition, students will also take the following course in MT & LT: PH340 PPE Research Seminar (0. 09. Ragvir is a 2 nd year PhD student in the Time Series group at the Department of Statistics, LSE. ST102 - Free download as PDF File (. You may find it useful toView Test Prep - exam_ST102_2018. The course provides a precise and accurate treatment of introductory probability theory, statistical ideas, methods and techniques. Lindley Scott Cambridge Statistical Tables; Distributions ST102 2021/22; LT ST102 Lecture Notes; ST102 Class 5 additional exercises; Preview text. Students must have completed one of the following two combinations of courses: (a) ST102 and MA100, or (b) MA107 and ST109 and EC1C1. Department of Statistics London School of Economics and Political Science ST102 Elementary Statistical Theory Dr James Abdey ST 2014 Revision lectures MT material 1 Examination arrangements Thursday, May 22nd 2014, 10:0013:00. Swayum. Where undergraduate programme regulations refer to an approved paper taught outside the department this will be a paper in a subject other than the principal subject (s) of your degree, subject to timetabling constraints and any restrictions listed in the Course Guides. The computer workshops revise the theory and show how it can be applied to real. Students must have completed Elementary Statistical Theory (ST102) and Mathematical Methods (MA100). Note that the divisor is n-1, since for this model there is only one. 5) # 1. txt) or view presentation slides online. This course is compulsory on the BSc in Econometrics and Mathematical Economics and BSc in Economics. GV245 Democracy and Democratisation. lse. Specimen Exam ST102/ST110 Elementary Statistical Theory (Part II) Suitable for 2021/22 syllabus only – not for resitA 1st year Finance Undergraduate student at the LSE interested in gaining practical work… | Learn more about Taranvir Singh Virk's work experience, education, connections & more by visiting their profile on LinkedIn. AN281 Health and Welfare: Anthropological Perspectives. ~17 : ST102 can not be taken with ST107, ST108, ST109, ST110 ~18 : ST107 can not be taken with ST102, ST108, ST109, ST110. 5)AN275 The Anthropology of Revolution. 76 Documents. Clear, detailed yet concise notes on the Lent Term material. The course draws heavily on empirical questions and you will work with statistical software to analyse. ST102 Distributions Summary 2011. Three-year Classification Scheme for BA/BSc degrees from the 2018/19 academic year. Dr Konstantinos Kalogeropoulos COL. Chan, Tiffany (2018) The best bookshops in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. (a) We use the sample mean, ¯ X , as the estimator of the population mean, which is the method of moments estimator (MME), the least sqaures estimator (LSE) and also the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). Past paper solutions at uni LSE ugaa 2019 EC201 moodle/exam paper solutions wanted. Compared to EC220, in LT this course puts more emphasis on the underlying statistical. This may be arranged in a decent way so that you actually get a day off, or only have to go in until 1pm. 0) # Year 2 . See note LSE100 The LSE Course: Understanding the causes of things Year 1 1 AN100 Introduction to Social Anthropology 2 AN101 Ethnography and Theory: Selected TextsThe course provides a precise and accurate treatment of introductory probability theory, statistical ideas, methods and techniques.